Geodynamic processes and mountain building
SDFVDSAD
SDFVDSAD
Geodynamic processes and mountain building
SDFVDSAD
SDFVDSAD
"All men have carefully considered the materials from which the Earth we inhabit is built, have been forced to recognize that this globe has undergone great revolutions, which could only be accomplished in a long series of centuries. Vestiges of some of these revolutions have even been found in the traditions of ancient peoples....
...The philosophers of antiquity exercised their genius in tracing the order and causes of these vicissitudes; but those who were more eager to guess nature than to study it patiently relied upon imperfect observations and upon traditions disfigured by poetry and superstition; and they forged cosmogonies, or systems of world origin, more for the imagination than for the satisfaction of the mind by a faithful interpretation of nature
...It has been a long time since it was recognised that this branch of natural history, like all the others, should be cultivated only by the help of observation, and that systems should never be merely the results or consequences of facts." Horace Bénédicte De Saussure, 1779, Discours préliminaire aux voyages dans les Alpes
In Europe, the Alps have a special geological place in terms of history, geography and the quality of the outcrops. TThere is a huge amount of data, which is why this chain is the subject of very lively debate! To feed these last ones, here are
Not only the Alps are geologically fantastic, other regions have geological treasures as well. Therefore, here is some information (perhaps sometimes subjective) on other regions (hoping that the list will grow)
Geology education requires many documents (diagrams, maps, pictures...). We propose are some of them about different topics of Earth Sciences. Hoping that they will be useful to you. vsds
"Observations are to test hypotheses and without hypotheses there can be no usable observations. Geology students should be taught to be independent, bold, imaginative thinkers before they become assiduous observers." A.M. Celâl Sengör, 2019,Can. J. Earth Sci: Vol. 56
"A geometrical model of the surface of the earth is obtained in terms of rigid blocks in relative motion with respect to each other. With this model a simplified but complete and consistent pticture of the global pattern of surface motion is given on the basis of data on sea-floor spreading. In particular, the vectors of differential movement in the 'compressive' belts are computed. An attempt is made to use this model to obtain a reconstructio of the history of spreading during the Cenozoic era. This history of spreading follows closely one previously advocated to explain the distribution of sediments in the oceans."X. Le Pichon, 1968, J. Geophys. Research, 73: 3661-3697
"In the Alps, folds were recognized in the early eighteenth century, thrusts in the middle of the 19th century. The nappe theory, developed from 1884 to 1902, led to a mobilistic approach, implying large-scale relative movements of Europe and of a prong of Africa Argand, Staub). The existence of Mesozoic oceans or ocean-like basins was also realized. Ampferer introduced the concept of subduction Verschluckung). Around 1935, Alpine geologists somehow became afraid of their own courage, and failed to present a coherent interpretation of the struc- ture and evolution of the chain. The theory of plate tectonics was developed primarily by geophysicists at sea, who took little account of the Alpine evidence." R. Trümpy, 2001, Int J Earth Sciences, 90: 477-483